{
  "name": "Horvera european dispute-body directory",
  "description": "National enforcement bodies (Regulation 261/2004 Art. 16), approved alternative dispute-resolution schemes and court information for air-passenger claims in Europe, with the waiting periods each scheme sets.",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0 — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ — attribution: Horvera (https://horvera.com)",
  "source": "https://horvera.com/datasets",
  "methodology": "https://horvera.com/methodology",
  "last_modified": "2026-09-14",
  "generated_at": "2026-09-23T19:41:42.620Z",
  "count": 50,
  "rows": [
    {
      "id": "AT-NEB",
      "country": "AT",
      "country_name": "Austria",
      "name": "Agentur für Passagier- und Fahrgastrechte (apf)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.apf.gv.at",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body then examines the case and can issue a decision.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "BE-NEB",
      "country": "BE",
      "country_name": "Belgium",
      "name": "FPS Mobility and Transport — Passenger Rights",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://mobilit.belgium.be",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "BG-NEB",
      "country": "BG",
      "country_name": "Bulgaria",
      "name": "Bulgarian Civil Aviation Administration",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.caa.bg",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "HR-NEB",
      "country": "HR",
      "country_name": "Croatia",
      "name": "Croatian Civil Aviation Agency",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.ccaa.hr",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "CY-NEB",
      "country": "CY",
      "country_name": "Cyprus",
      "name": "Department of Civil Aviation, Cyprus",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.dca.gov.cy",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "CZ-NEB",
      "country": "CZ",
      "country_name": "Czechia",
      "name": "Civil Aviation Authority of the Czech Republic",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.caa.cz",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "DK-NEB",
      "country": "DK",
      "country_name": "Denmark",
      "name": "Danish Civil Aviation and Railway Authority (Trafikstyrelsen)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.trafikstyrelsen.dk",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "EE-NEB",
      "country": "EE",
      "country_name": "Estonia",
      "name": "Estonian Consumer Protection and Technical Regulatory Authority",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://ttja.ee",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "FI-NEB",
      "country": "FI",
      "country_name": "Finland",
      "name": "Finnish Transport and Communications Agency (Traficom)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.traficom.fi",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "FR-NEB",
      "country": "FR",
      "country_name": "France",
      "name": "Direction Générale de l'Aviation Civile (DGAC)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/dgac",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": "Approved mediator for most French airlines: Médiation Tourisme et Voyage (MTV), https://www.mtv.travel"
    },
    {
      "id": "DE-NEB",
      "country": "DE",
      "country_name": "Germany",
      "name": "Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (LBA)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.lba.de",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": "Approved ADR scheme: Schlichtungsstelle Reise & Verkehr (formerly söp — Schlichtungsstelle für den öffentlichen Personenverkehr, https://soep-online.de"
    },
    {
      "id": "GR-NEB",
      "country": "GR",
      "country_name": "Greece",
      "name": "Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://hcaa.gov.gr",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "HU-NEB",
      "country": "HU",
      "country_name": "Hungary",
      "name": "Government Office of the Capital City Budapest — Consumer Protection",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://fogyasztovedelem.kormany.hu",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "IS-NEB",
      "country": "IS",
      "country_name": "Iceland",
      "name": "Icelandic Transport Authority (Samgöngustofa)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.samgongustofa.is",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "IE-NEB",
      "country": "IE",
      "country_name": "Ireland",
      "name": "Irish Aviation Authority (IAA)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.iaa.ie",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "IT-NEB",
      "country": "IT",
      "country_name": "Italy",
      "name": "Ente Nazionale per l'Aviazione Civile (ENAC)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.enac.gov.it",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": 42,
      "response_wait_basis": "SCHEME_RULE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.enac.gov.it/passeggeri/diritti-dei-passeggeri/modalita-di-reclamo-per-negato-imbarco-cancellazione-ritardo/",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-18",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "LV-NEB",
      "country": "LV",
      "country_name": "Latvia",
      "name": "Consumer Rights Protection Centre (PTAC)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.ptac.gov.lv",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "LT-NEB",
      "country": "LT",
      "country_name": "Lithuania",
      "name": "Lithuanian Transport Safety Administration",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://ltsa.lrv.lt",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "LU-NEB",
      "country": "LU",
      "country_name": "Luxembourg",
      "name": "Ministry of Consumer Protection, Luxembourg",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://mpc.gouvernement.lu",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "MT-NEB",
      "country": "MT",
      "country_name": "Malta",
      "name": "Malta Competition and Consumer Affairs Authority (MCCAA)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://mccaa.org.mt",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "NL-NEB",
      "country": "NL",
      "country_name": "Netherlands",
      "name": "Human Environment and Transport Inspectorate (ILT)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.ilent.nl",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": "No aviation ADR scheme for standalone flights (the Geschillencommissie Luchtvaart no longer exists; Reizen excludes standalone flights). After the airline: the ILT complaint form (flights under one year old) and the kantonrechter."
    },
    {
      "id": "NO-NEB",
      "country": "NO",
      "country_name": "Norway",
      "name": "Norwegian Transport Complaints Board (Transportklagenemnda)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.transportklagenemnda.no",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body then examines the case and can issue a decision.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "PL-NEB",
      "country": "PL",
      "country_name": "Poland",
      "name": "Rzecznik Praw Pasażerów (Passenger Rights Ombudsman at ULC)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://pasazerlotniczy.ulc.gov.pl",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body then examines the case and can issue a decision.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "PT-NEB",
      "country": "PT",
      "country_name": "Portugal",
      "name": "Autoridade Nacional da Aviação Civil (ANAC)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.anac.pt",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "RO-NEB",
      "country": "RO",
      "country_name": "Romania",
      "name": "National Authority for Consumer Protection (ANPC)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://anpc.ro",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "SK-NEB",
      "country": "SK",
      "country_name": "Slovakia",
      "name": "Slovak Trade Inspection (SOI)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.soi.sk",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "SI-NEB",
      "country": "SI",
      "country_name": "Slovenia",
      "name": "Civil Aviation Agency of Slovenia",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.caa.si",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "ES-NEB",
      "country": "ES",
      "country_name": "Spain",
      "name": "Agencia Estatal de Seguridad Aérea (AESA)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.seguridadaerea.gob.es",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body then examines the case and can issue a decision.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": "Since 2023 AESA issues binding ADR decisions for flights covered by Regulation 261/2004."
    },
    {
      "id": "SE-NEB",
      "country": "SE",
      "country_name": "Sweden",
      "name": "Swedish Consumer Agency / National Board for Consumer Disputes (ARN)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.arn.se",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body then examines the case and can issue a decision.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/passenger-rights/air-passenger-rights_en",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "GB-NEB",
      "country": "GB",
      "country_name": "United Kingdom",
      "name": "UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.caa.co.uk/passengers/",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": "PRACTICE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.caa.co.uk/air-passengers/travel-problems-and-rights/travel-complaints/alternative-dispute-resolution/",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": "Approved ADR schemes: AviationADR (https://www.aviationadr.org.uk — Ryanair, easyJet, TUI Airways, Virgin Atlantic, Wizz Air and others) and CEDR (https://www.cedr-assist.com/consumer/aviation/ — British Airways, BA CityFlyer, Cathay Pacific, SAS). Airlines not in a scheme, including Jet2: CAA Passenger Advice and Complaints Team (PACT)."
    },
    {
      "id": "CH-NEB",
      "country": "CH",
      "country_name": "Switzerland",
      "name": "Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA / BAZL)",
      "kind": "NEB",
      "url": "https://www.bazl.admin.ch",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing this country on any airline; inbound flights from outside Europe on a covered carrier.",
      "process": "Complain to the airline in writing first; the body investigates the airline's compliance and can sanction it, but does not award compensation to individuals.",
      "response_wait_days": 42,
      "response_wait_basis": "SCHEME_RULE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.bazl.admin.ch/en/airpassengerrights",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-18",
      "notes": "FOCA handles complaints administratively; it cannot award compensation. Civil claims go to the ordinary courts."
    },
    {
      "id": "GB-AVIATIONADR",
      "country": "GB",
      "country_name": "United Kingdom",
      "name": "AviationADR",
      "kind": "ADR",
      "url": "https://www.aviationadr.org.uk",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": "Member airlines (CAA list, September 2026): Ryanair, Buzz, Malta Air, Lauda, easyJet, TUI Airways, Virgin Atlantic, Wizz Air, Air France, KLM, TAP, Turkish Airlines, Delta, Air Canada and others. Jet2 belongs to neither UK scheme (CAA PACT instead). Scheme-specific scope: Ryanair flights touching the UK, Spain, Sweden or Denmark; Wizz Air the UK, Hungary or Germany; easyJet the UK or Switzerland; Virgin Atlantic worldwide.",
      "process": "Free for passengers. Open the case online once the airline has given its final answer or eight weeks have passed without one.",
      "response_wait_days": 56,
      "response_wait_basis": "SCHEME_RULE",
      "referral_window_days": 365,
      "source_url": "https://www.aviationadr.org.uk/",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-23",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "GB-CEDR",
      "country": "GB",
      "country_name": "United Kingdom",
      "name": "CEDR Aviation",
      "kind": "ADR",
      "url": "https://www.cedr-assist.com/consumer/aviation/",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": "Member airlines (CAA list, September 2026): British Airways, BA CityFlyer, Cathay Pacific, SAS; plus Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Manchester and Bristol airports. easyJet, Virgin Atlantic and TUI Airways moved to AviationADR.",
      "process": "Free for passengers. Open the case online once the airline has given its final answer or eight weeks have passed without one.",
      "response_wait_days": 56,
      "response_wait_basis": "SCHEME_RULE",
      "referral_window_days": 365,
      "source_url": "https://www.cedr-assist.com/consumer/aviation/",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-23",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "GB-CAA-PACT",
      "country": "GB",
      "country_name": "United Kingdom",
      "name": "CAA Passenger Advice and Complaints Team (PACT)",
      "kind": "ADR",
      "url": "https://www.caa.co.uk/air-passengers/travel-problems-and-rights/travel-complaints/how-the-caa-can-help/",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Airlines that are not members of an approved ADR scheme; not when less than a year is left to go to court.",
      "process": "The CAA reviews the complaint and gives its view; it cannot force the airline to pay.",
      "response_wait_days": 56,
      "response_wait_basis": "SCHEME_RULE",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.caa.co.uk/air-passengers/travel-problems-and-rights/travel-complaints/alternative-dispute-resolution/",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-23",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "DE-SOEP",
      "country": "DE",
      "country_name": "Germany",
      "name": "Schlichtungsstelle Reise & Verkehr (formerly söp)",
      "kind": "ADR",
      "url": "https://www.schlichtung-reise-und-verkehr.de/",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing Germany, or arriving in Germany on an EU airline, with a participating airline (most airlines flying from Germany).",
      "process": "Free. File online once at least two months have passed since your complaint to the airline (member airlines only; not while a court or another scheme has the case); the body proposes a settlement that airlines follow in most cases. Statutory scope (§ 57b LuftVG): consumer claims from €10 to €5,000 where a German court would have jurisdiction — flights to or from Germany.",
      "response_wait_days": 60,
      "response_wait_basis": "STATUTORY",
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.schlichtung-reise-und-verkehr.de/en/",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-23",
      "notes": "For non-participating airlines: Schlichtungsstelle Luftverkehr beim Bundesamt für Justiz."
    },
    {
      "id": "FR-MTV",
      "country": "FR",
      "country_name": "France",
      "name": "Médiation Tourisme et Voyage (MTV)",
      "kind": "ADR",
      "url": "https://www.mtv.travel",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Airlines and tour operators that are members (Air France, HOP, Transavia France, Corsair, Air Austral, Air Caraïbes and others).",
      "process": "Free. Refer the dispute after a written complaint to the airline was refused or left unanswered for two months, and within one year of that complaint.",
      "response_wait_days": 60,
      "response_wait_basis": "SCHEME_RULE",
      "referral_window_days": 365,
      "source_url": "https://www.mtv.travel/",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-23",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "ES-AESA",
      "country": "ES",
      "country_name": "Spain",
      "name": "AESA — resolución alternativa de litigios",
      "kind": "ADR",
      "url": "https://www.seguridadaerea.gob.es",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing Spain on any airline, and inbound flights on EU airlines.",
      "process": "Free (no fee). Claim to the airline first; if it does not answer within one month or refuses, file with AESA within one year of that claim — online with an electronic ID (Cl@ve, certificate) or with the PDF form. AESA decides within 90 days; the decision binds the airline, not you. For flights from 2 June 2023.",
      "response_wait_days": 30,
      "response_wait_basis": "SCHEME_RULE",
      "referral_window_days": 365,
      "source_url": "https://sede.seguridadaerea.gob.es/sede-aesa/catalogo-de-procedimientos/reclamaciones-por-cancelaciones-retrasos-denegaciones-de-embarque-y-pmr",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-23",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "AT-APF",
      "country": "AT",
      "country_name": "Austria",
      "name": "Agentur für Passagier- und Fahrgastrechte (apf)",
      "kind": "ADR",
      "url": "https://www.apf.gv.at",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing Austria, or arriving in Austria on an EU airline.",
      "process": "Free conciliation: file when the airline has not answered within six weeks or its answer is unsatisfactory, and no later than one year after your complaint to the airline; the apf proposes a solution. You pay your own postage, copying and legal costs.",
      "response_wait_days": 42,
      "response_wait_basis": "SCHEME_RULE",
      "referral_window_days": 365,
      "source_url": "https://www.apf.gv.at/",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-23",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "PL-RZECZNIK",
      "country": "PL",
      "country_name": "Poland",
      "name": "Rzecznik Praw Pasażerów (Passenger Rights Ombudsman at ULC)",
      "kind": "ADR",
      "url": "https://pasazerlotniczy.ulc.gov.pl",
      "binding": false,
      "eligibility": "Flights departing Poland, or arriving in Poland on an EU airline.",
      "process": "Free out-of-court procedure. File at least 30 days after your complaint to the airline and within one year of the flight date (Aviation Law art. 205a); the form is signed (by hand and scanned, or with a qualified e-signature) and uploaded. Decision within 90 days.",
      "response_wait_days": 30,
      "response_wait_basis": "STATUTORY",
      "referral_window_days": 365,
      "source_url": "https://pasazerlotniczy.ulc.gov.pl/",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-23",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "FR-COURT",
      "country": "FR",
      "country_name": "France",
      "name": "Tribunal judiciaire — procédure simplifiée / European Small Claims Procedure",
      "kind": "COURT_INFO",
      "url": "https://www.justice.fr/",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": null,
      "process": "Claims under €5,000 without a lawyer; cross-border claims may use the European Small Claims Procedure.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": null,
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000032041565",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "DE-COURT",
      "country": "DE",
      "country_name": "Germany",
      "name": "Amtsgericht (district court) / European Small Claims Procedure",
      "kind": "COURT_INFO",
      "url": "https://www.justiz.de/",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": null,
      "process": "The Amtsgericht at the departure or arrival airport or the airline's seat; no lawyer required.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": null,
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bgb/__195.html",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "ES-COURT",
      "country": "ES",
      "country_name": "Spain",
      "name": "Juzgado de lo Mercantil — juicio verbal",
      "kind": "COURT_INFO",
      "url": "https://www.poderjudicial.es/",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": null,
      "process": "No lawyer or procurador needed for claims under €2,000.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": null,
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1889-4763",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "IT-COURT",
      "country": "IT",
      "country_name": "Italy",
      "name": "Giudice di Pace / European Small Claims Procedure",
      "kind": "COURT_INFO",
      "url": "https://www.giustizia.it/",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": null,
      "process": "No lawyer needed under €1,100.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": null,
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:22001A0718(01)",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "GB-COURT",
      "country": "GB",
      "country_name": "United Kingdom",
      "name": "County court — Money Claim Online (small claims track)",
      "kind": "COURT_INFO",
      "url": "https://www.gov.uk/make-court-claim-for-money",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": null,
      "process": "Claims up to £10,000 on the small claims track; court fee recoverable if you win.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": null,
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1980/58/section/5",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "CH-COURT",
      "country": "CH",
      "country_name": "Switzerland",
      "name": "Civil court (simplified procedure) after the conciliation authority",
      "kind": "COURT_INFO",
      "url": "https://www.ch.ch/en/",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": null,
      "process": "Conciliation authority first (Schlichtungsbehörde / autorité de conciliation), then the civil court in the simplified procedure.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": null,
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.bazl.admin.ch/en/airpassengerrights",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "NL-COURT",
      "country": "NL",
      "country_name": "Netherlands",
      "name": "Kantonrechter",
      "kind": "COURT_INFO",
      "url": "https://www.rechtspraak.nl/",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": null,
      "process": "Claims up to €25,000 without a lawyer.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": null,
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005034/",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "IE-COURT",
      "country": "IE",
      "country_name": "Ireland",
      "name": "Small Claims Court (District Court)",
      "kind": "COURT_INFO",
      "url": "https://www.courts.ie/small-claims",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": null,
      "process": "Claims up to €2,000 online for a small fee.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": null,
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1957/act/6/section/11/enacted/en/html",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "BE-COURT",
      "country": "BE",
      "country_name": "Belgium",
      "name": "Justice de paix / Vredegerecht",
      "kind": "COURT_INFO",
      "url": "https://www.rechtbanken-tribunaux.be/",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": null,
      "process": "Claims up to €5,000; no lawyer required.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": null,
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-139/11",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "AT-COURT",
      "country": "AT",
      "country_name": "Austria",
      "name": "Bezirksgericht",
      "kind": "COURT_INFO",
      "url": "https://www.justiz.gv.at/",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": null,
      "process": "District court; no lawyer required up to €5,000.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": null,
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10001622",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "id": "PL-COURT",
      "country": "PL",
      "country_name": "Poland",
      "name": "Sąd rejonowy — postępowanie uproszczone",
      "kind": "COURT_INFO",
      "url": "https://www.gov.pl/web/sprawiedliwosc",
      "binding": true,
      "eligibility": null,
      "process": "Simplified procedure at the district court.",
      "response_wait_days": null,
      "response_wait_basis": null,
      "referral_window_days": null,
      "source_url": "https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19640160093",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    }
  ]
}