{
  "name": "Horvera flight-rights limitation periods",
  "description": "How long after the flight a compensation claim can still be brought, per country, with the statute or case law it rests on and how certain that is.",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0 — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ — attribution: Horvera (https://horvera.com)",
  "source": "https://horvera.com/datasets",
  "methodology": "https://horvera.com/methodology",
  "last_modified": "2026-09-14",
  "generated_at": "2026-09-23T19:41:42.624Z",
  "count": 11,
  "rows": [
    {
      "country": "FR",
      "country_name": "France",
      "months": 60,
      "starts_from": "FLIGHT_DATE",
      "basis": "Article 2224 Code civil (five-year general limitation)",
      "certainty": "STATUTORY",
      "source_title": "Code civil, article 2224 — prescription de droit commun de cinq ans",
      "source_url": "https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000032041565",
      "version": 1,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "country": "DE",
      "country_name": "Germany",
      "months": 36,
      "starts_from": "END_OF_YEAR_OF_FLIGHT",
      "basis": "§§ 195, 199 BGB (three years from the end of the year in which the flight took place)",
      "certainty": "STATUTORY",
      "source_title": "Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch §§ 195, 199 — regelmäßige Verjährungsfrist von drei Jahren ab Ende des Jahres der Anspruchsentstehung",
      "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bgb/__195.html",
      "version": 1,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "country": "ES",
      "country_name": "Spain",
      "months": 60,
      "starts_from": "FLIGHT_DATE",
      "basis": "Artículo 1964 Código Civil (five years for personal actions)",
      "certainty": "STATUTORY",
      "source_title": "Código Civil, artículo 1964 — prescripción de las acciones personales (cinco años)",
      "source_url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1889-4763",
      "version": 1,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "country": "GB",
      "country_name": "United Kingdom",
      "months": 72,
      "starts_from": "FLIGHT_DATE",
      "basis": "Limitation Act 1980, s. 5 (England and Wales; six years). Scotland: five years under the Prescription and Limitation (Scotland) Act 1973.",
      "certainty": "STATUTORY",
      "source_title": "Limitation Act 1980, section 5 — six years for actions founded on simple contract (England and Wales)",
      "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1980/58/section/5",
      "version": 1,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": "Five years in Scotland (UK_PRESCRIPTION_SCOTLAND_1973)."
    },
    {
      "country": "NL",
      "country_name": "Netherlands",
      "months": 24,
      "starts_from": "FLIGHT_DATE",
      "basis": "Artikel 8:1835 Burgerlijk Wetboek (two years for claims arising from air carriage)",
      "certainty": "STATUTORY",
      "source_title": "Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 8, artikel 1835 — verjaring van vorderingen uit luchtvervoer (twee jaar)",
      "source_url": "https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005034/",
      "version": 1,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "country": "IE",
      "country_name": "Ireland",
      "months": 72,
      "starts_from": "FLIGHT_DATE",
      "basis": "Statute of Limitations 1957, s. 11 (six years, simple contract)",
      "certainty": "STATUTORY",
      "source_title": "Statute of Limitations 1957, section 11 — six years for actions founded on simple contract",
      "source_url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1957/act/6/section/11/enacted/en/html",
      "version": 1,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "country": "AT",
      "country_name": "Austria",
      "months": 36,
      "starts_from": "FLIGHT_DATE",
      "basis": "§ 1489 ABGB (three years)",
      "certainty": "STATUTORY",
      "source_title": "Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch § 1489 — dreijährige Verjährung von Entschädigungsklagen",
      "source_url": "https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10001622",
      "version": 1,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "country": "PL",
      "country_name": "Poland",
      "months": 12,
      "starts_from": "FLIGHT_DATE",
      "basis": "Art. 778 Kodeks cywilny as applied to Regulation 261 claims by the Supreme Court (III CZP 111/16)",
      "certainty": "CASE_LAW",
      "source_title": "Kodeks cywilny, art. 778 — roczny termin przedawnienia roszczeń z umowy przewozu (uchwała SN III CZP 111/16 z 17 marca 2017 r.)",
      "source_url": "https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19640160093",
      "version": 1,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": null
    },
    {
      "country": "IT",
      "country_name": "Italy",
      "months": 24,
      "starts_from": "FLIGHT_DATE",
      "basis": "Italian courts commonly apply the two-year Montreal Convention period (Art. 35) by analogy",
      "certainty": "PRACTICE",
      "source_title": "Montreal Convention (1999), Article 35 — two-year limitation for actions for damages against the carrier",
      "source_url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:22001A0718(01)",
      "version": 1,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-14",
      "notes": "Treat two years as the safe deadline; some courts have applied longer contractual periods. ENAC warns that, because of a case-law dispute, some airlines refuse complaints made more than six months after the disruption — claim from the airline within six months."
    },
    {
      "country": "CH",
      "country_name": "Switzerland",
      "months": 24,
      "starts_from": "FLIGHT_DATE",
      "basis": "Art. 14 of the Air Transport Ordinance (LTrV, SR 748.411), applied to Art. 7 compensation by the Basel-Stadt Appeals Court (BEZ.2016.3, 29 June 2016)",
      "certainty": "CASE_LAW",
      "source_title": "BEZ.2016.3 — two-year forfeiture period of Art. 14 LTrV (SR 748.411) applies to Art. 7 compensation under Regulation 261/2004",
      "source_url": "https://entscheidsuche.ch/docs/BS_Omni/BS_APG_001_BEZ-2016-3_2016-06-29.html",
      "version": 2,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-18",
      "notes": "A ten-year period under Art. 127 OR is still argued in commentary; treat two years as the safe deadline. FOCA normally does not open a procedure for flights more than one year old."
    },
    {
      "country": "BE",
      "country_name": "Belgium",
      "months": 24,
      "starts_from": "FLIGHT_DATE",
      "basis": "Art. X.49 Code of Economic Law: actions on a passenger-transport contract, including Regulation 261/2004 claims, within two years of the flight (Law of 5 November 2023, in force 21 December 2023)",
      "certainty": "STATUTORY",
      "source_title": "Art. X.49 — actions arising from a contract of passenger transport are time-barred after two years (as amended by the Law of 5 November 2023, in force 21 December 2023)",
      "source_url": "https://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/article.pl?language=nl&lg_txt=n&type=&sort=&numac_search=&cn_search=2013022819&caller=SUM&&view_numac=2013022819f#Art.X.49",
      "version": 2,
      "reviewed_at": "2026-09-18",
      "notes": "Flights before 21 December 2023 fell under the former one-year period, which older Belgian case law applied."
    }
  ]
}